Slavery In USA And Serfdom In Russia

Servitude In USA And Serfdom In Russia Servitude, condition in which one individual is possessed by anotherâ [1]â , has been a piece of innumerable developments since the beginning of Mankind. From the fields and mines of Ancient Mesopotamia, through extraordinary Rome and sophistic Greece, and right until just however a century prior in America and Russia, subjection was a fundamental establishment of the general public. In its start, and a few times since, slaves were kept nearly as relatives, however for the most part they were put to do the hard, physical work. Subjugation was consistently weld along with the economy of the proprietors, be it regular citizens or the ruler crown. Indeed, even today some subjection despite everything exists. We may hear and find out about abhorrence guiltiness alluded to as human dealing, constrained prostitution, youngster officers, constrained and fortified work and the utilization of kids in worldwide medication exchange, kids labourâ [2]â . Additionally Conservative assessments show that at any rate 27million individuals, in places as assorted as Nigeria, Indonesia and Brazil, live in states of constrained bondageâ [3]â . Universal associations like the UN, with its Anti-Slavery Commission, despite everything battle to cancel these cutting edge survives from bondage. In our regular daily existence language we will in general say that we are captives of our work, our cash or some other materialistic need. Luckily bondage in its antiquated and medieval setting has been annulled in for all intents and purposes the entire world. Serfdom, condition in medieval Europe in which a sharecropper was bound to a genetic plot of land and to the desire of his landlordâ [4]â , varies essentially from servitude in the way that serfs acquired their means by developing a plot of land that was possessed by a master. The explanation behind then contrasting serfdom in the Russian Empire and servitude in the USA lies in the way that in eighteenth and first 50% of nineteenth century Russia the respectability, the Dvoryanstvo, had the ability to basically do all that they needed with their serfs. This force was indistinguishable from the slave proprietors in the Southern States of America, additionally in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. This paper targets indicating how in a general sense distinctive the American and Russian culture was, and, incidentally, how both contained unfree individuals in hopeless conditions. The troublesome conditions will be taken a gander at as well, and the fascinating distinction that can be discovered when looking at the fall of subjection and serfdom will be given some consideration. The exploration question is at that point; What were the simmilarities and contrasts between subjugation in the USA and serfdom in the Russian Empire? The theme is deserving of examination since the impacts of subjugation serfdom despite everything influence individuals living in the USA and Russia today. The United States of America The New World On October 12, 1492, when Columbus (1451-1506) arrived at land in the West Indies just because and met the indigenous individuals there, he made particularly numerous documentations in his log book. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦)they [native people] showed that individuals from other close by islands come to San Salvador [Columbus named the island so] to catch them; they guard themselves as well as can be expected. I accept that individuals from the territory come here to accept them as slavesâ [5]â . Columbus log shows that the Native American developments previously comprised of a type of subjugation, except if Columbus own desire to make captives of them caused him to misjudge what they were attempting to let him know. Columbus thinking like this isn't preposterous, taking into account what we can peruse further in the log: They should make great and talented workers, for they rehash rapidly whatever we state to them and, maybe most shockingly I could overcome the entire of them with 50 men, and oversee them however i wanted. This was the very beginning, not including the days it took to sail to this new land, and as of now an expectation about the fate of the new mainland could be drawn, as in a novel comprising of hinting. This was the start of the colonization of the West Indies, and later, the entire Northern-and Southern American mainland. Portugal, Britain and France before long joined the scene, and effectively vanquished and set up themselves in the New World. As a result of the brutal subjugation and boorish conduct of the Spanish conquistadors, however principally because of the unforeseen European infections like smallpox, typhus, flu, diphtheria and measles, along these lines murdering tons of peopleâ [6]â of the Indians. The deplorable consequence of these organic destructions was the requirement for additional laborers, laborers that would be found in Africa, and from that point be brought to America. The Transatlantic Slave Trade The Bible says that the base of all abhorrence is the adoration [lust] for moneyâ [7]â . This was the situation with the Transatlantic Slave Trade, a crucial piece of the Triangle Trade. This exchange moved slaves from Central and Western Africa over the Atlantic Ocean toward the West Indies [current Caribbean Islands], Brazil and North-America. It is evaluated that 9.4-12million Africans showed up in the New World from Africa. These were from Ghana and Nigeria, Congol and Angola. They were sold by West African rulers and pioneers, who regularly were put on the seat by the European brokers themselves: The important European merchants took dynamic part in introducing rulers who they judged would support their exercises independent of whether such rulers were worthy to their subjectsâ [8]â . Rulers sent military campaigns against close by clans, caught their kin and offered them to the Portuguese. The Portuguese carried on of individual, yet additionally Spanish, requirement for sl avesâ [9]â . 10 A gathering of Africans caught by African slave advertise providers. In the wake of being caught, most Africans were isolated from their families, men, ladies and youngsters the same. They were then compelled to walk many kilometers so as to arrive at the Slave Coast in West Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean. After appearance there, they were stowed together on ships like creatures, with basically no spot to try and pivot, going for a considerable length of time among the foulness of regurgitation filled tubs, blood, urin, youngsters crying, ladies screaming and the perishing moaning despondently. They could feel the odor of death spreading all through the entire boat. These were the repulsions of the Midlle Passage. 11 At any endeavor of uprising or revival awful backlashes were completed, as on the American boat Kentucky in 1844 where 46 men and one lady were hanged, tormented and disfigured and shot in the bosom and the bodies tossed overboard㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦sometimes they took shots at the body while it despite everything hung living, and a wide range of game was made of the businessâ [12]â . One can envision that the helpless overcomers of these abominations inquired as to whether the circumstance could deteriorate. Countries like Holland, Britain, France and Spain followed up the Portuguese in the triangular exchange. While showing up in America the slaves, who were in much smaler numbers than at takeoff, were sold beneficially in barters and the cash was utilized to by sugar , tobacco and cotton. These crude materials were shipped back to the individual nations of Europe and made there. Sugar got rum, cotton materials, and the tobacco utilized. To keep up this buisness slave transport ships were sent to West Africa again with items from Europe that were attractive for the vendors and pioneers that were settled there. The 13 states and subjection England, one of the best colonizing countries, had a few states all around America from British Honduras [Honduras] in the south to Newfoundland in the north. 13 of these states had settled together like neighbors on the North-American mainland. These settlements didn't vary from others in the matter of bondage. Likewise here an ace could appreciate total rights over his propertyâ [13]â . Two of the soonest settled states, Virginia (1607) and Maryland (1632), were particularly resolved to stifle the blacks, both free and slave. This was primarily because of dread of slave insurrectons, as e.g at St. Domingo [Haiti]. Laws and codes were made, limiting congregations of dark slaves, disallowing departure and travel without pass (Virginia,1705). Any sort of brutality against the white owner(s) (or some other white individual for that purpose) permitted the proprietor to address such a slave genuinely, and furthermore, if the slave kicked the bucket during this remedy, no discipline tow ards the proprietor existed. It was ()as though such mishap never happened. [14] (Virginia,1705). Hostile to miscegenation laws were built up (Maryland, 1664), not permitting sexual relations or marriage between individuals of various races [Declared illegal in 1967]. The punishment for such between racial relationships was that the white ladies who had capitulated to this horrendous demonstration, would legitimately turn into a slave herself, thus any kids that she may bring forth. To hold up under gun (except if permitted by the proprietor for insurance against the Indians) and observer in court procedures against any however different blacks was illicit as well (Virginia,1639 and Virginia,1705), just as any excercisement in any minister [church], common or military office (Virginia,1705). Convertion to Christianity through absolution didn't change social liberties either (Virginia,1667). Noteably, most noteworthy impact was played by the above incompletely referenced Slave Codes of 1705. These in this way came to fill in as models for different states. It was a result of these Slave Codes that slaves would be considered by the law as land, property, a thing. Because of absence of co-activity and stubborness from the British Parliament and King in previous taxual matters concerning the 13 settlements, local army of the New England state encompassed the city of Boston on April eighteenth 1775. The assault was an aftereffect of a seizure and arrestation endeavor in Concordâ [15]â . Equipped conflicts between the British soldiers and the states started the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). The Second Cont

Peaceful Islam Essay

The methodology plot in â€Å"Fighting the Long War† is a decent one. There are, obviously, different alternatives. One is to escape and do just we have just done. However, as the presentation’s creators recommend, this would more likely than not prompt the destruction of America. Halting activity currently won't clean up a very long time of detest and fierceness, nor will it eradicate the strict and political objectives of a since quite a while ago dedicated foe. The individuals who are less patient and less ready to lose men to a war, may recommended a shorter war, realized by more noteworthy utilization of power. The military has been tied back and kept from executing its full force in the Middle East. The United States could, on the off chance that it wished, utilize its atomic weapons against the adversary. However it doesn't. This might be something worth being thankful for. Utilizing atomic weapons would be undeniably unsafe. Different nations which gloat atomic advancements may be enticed to fight back, which could prompt the possible devastation of American urban communities. It could likewise prompt mayhem with erratic results. In this manner, the best system is by all accounts to follow the long war approach of the moderators. Maybe the most significant point made in the introduction, was that Americans need to comprehend the nature and need of a long war and that they should have the option to confide in their pioneers. The principle issue with association in Iraq was not that Sadam Hussein didn't should be halted †it was that President Bush went in with an inappropriate thought processes. Regardless of whether the president’s thought processes were generous or malignant, a great part of the American open questioned him and this hurt the war exertion considerably. Additionally of incredible import is the segment on advancing the valid statements of serene Islam. Censuring a person’s religion regularly triggers threatening vibe. The individuals who have just been incited by abuse by non-Muslims are considerably more prone to be changed over savage fanaticism than the individuals who have lived calmly among their friends for a long time. Advancing Islam’s serene developments, at that point, is a decent counter-measure. In like manner, advancing help with revamping and democratizing Iraq is a magnificent thought. Japan has absolutely made some amazing progress. It would be pleasant if Iraq could as well.

Middle east history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Center east history - Essay Example Strategically and socially, the locale was ready for the ascent and fall of numerous traditions. To additionally comprehend the ramifications of this age, this paper will look to analyze the strict, political, and social gatherings of the period and their impact in the molding of the Middle Eastern human advancements from the years 1100 AD to 1400 AD. By the 1100's, the caliphate which was liable for the unexpected extension and early security of the Islamic domain had lost its position over its regions - and keeping in mind that the last caliph al'Musta'sim was murdered by the Mongols in 1258, the caliph had as of now by then lost the entirety of its capacity. The greater part of the Islamic states' ruler had as of now adoped different strict and political titles. In the wake of the loss of this establishment, the domains they administered lost solidness and the fracture of the Muslim grounds was a huge factor in its weakness to remote assault. The Mongols were a mixture of roaming clans from the Ataic steppes united by Temujin, the Ghengis Khan (Universal Ruler). By 1258 they had just vanquished Russia, Central Europe, and had sacked Baghdad. When the Mongol realm disintegrated, it had spread over right from China to the Middle East and Europe. Lamentably, while the Mongols were a for all intents and purposes relentless military power, they were likewise maladroit at building their realm. They had no progression designs and depended on the uymaq - the military world class at the command of its boss, for administration. This made for an unsteady government, as the state relied upon the individual intensity of the boss - which was additionally confounded by the difficulties they experienced decision through incorporated government. The attack of the Mongols, in any case, was tragic for the Middle Eastern human progress as the Muslim Empire, effectively debilitated by divisions, went into consistent decrease and never recuperated its past brilliance. The Mongols either executed or extradited numerous researchers and gifted specialists, flattened libraries and different achievements. A significant part of the inheritances of the Golden Age were cleared out, never to be recouped. A few researchers, in any case, fight that the impacts of the Mongol invasion were not unreasonably grave. While they razed entire territories, Egypt was never vanquished and turned into the focal point of Islamic culture. And keeping in mind that Iran submitted to Mongol guideline, they experience a time of political soundness wherein exchange and writing created. Ghazan Khan's selection of Islam as the Il-Khan's state religion in the 1300's had a quieting impact on the domains he administered. During this period the Mongolians added to the advancement of the terrains they assaulted by remaking their urban areas. Timurid The Timurid line - established by Timur in 1370 CE over the quarreling territories of the Ilkhan rulership - went on until the 1500's. The domains under this ace Sufi government delighted in a time of relative dependability. Writing, culture and information grew enormously in the scholarly and social focuses of Herat and Transoxania. The Turks Starting in the 1100's, numerous Turks - soldiers of fortune and military powers - moved into the Middle Eastern grounds. The caliphs relied upon these vigorously on these

Main Facts About Procrastination - Free Essay Example

Procrastination: a study in its features, cause and solutions We may easy to find such a person that he never started his work until there are few days before deadline, and when he made up his mind to start his work at the beginning, he would always be distracted by other stuffs. He may get exhausted after finishing his work right before the deadline and complain himself for not working hard at the beginning. Actually, this person could be others or ourselves. And this phenomenon called procrastination. It may happen in any aspect of our lives, like putting off writing your paper, doing housework, submitting a report and so on. This psychology is counterproductive but we are still suffered by it. So, in this essay I will give the cause of this psychology and some solution that may help to overcome it. Procrastination is defined as the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished. It is different from laziness. Procrastination makes you avoid doing something important but to do other jobs considered easier and enjoyable. In this process, you still do your work but ignore your most urgent one. The specific features of this psychology are the followings. First, people tend to avoid the place and the situation related to finishing their work. For example, student would spend more time in their dormitory rather than go to the library. Second, denial and trivialization. We know the highest efficient way to finish our task is to do the most important and urgent work, but as for procrastinators, they would deny that there are other things that are more urgent than what they should do right now. For example, when they want to write their paper, they would say itrs time for dinner and I have to buy something to eat. Third, distraction is also normal in the behavior style of the p rocrastinators. They may get distracted by a lot of things in order to avoid facing their really important task. They would also blame themselves after putting off their work. Then, why people have procrastination? We know procrastination is the avoidance of doing oners job, but why would people avoid? It is usually considered to happen when people are anxious about the work they have to face with, and when they go to do other things, they will feel better and relaxed. But at last, the problem is still not finished and they have to work on it. For the serious procrastinators, they would put off more work to decrease the feeling of shame and guilt. It is a vicious circle. Then, how can we overcome this psychology? There are some possible ways that may help you. First, accept the fact that I am procrastinating. Many times, people are easy to feel anxiety and depression before they complete their tasks. They are not unrelated to the idea of self-criticism and self-defeating. You may continue to criticize and criticize yourself for procrastination. This lack of self-care will not only make you feel ashamed and self-blaming, but will also make you feel more anxious before the next task begins, and you will be procrastinated. It is a vicious circle. Therefore, to break this vicious circle, the first is to accept ones own negative emotions and give yourself more encouragement and forgiveness. Studies show that self-forgiveness can help you become willing to do you task. Second, stop thinking irrationally. Irrational thoughts included overrating yourselves and underestimating the difficulty of the task. Having a objective opinion about your ability will help to make a workable plan. This is the third way, set up a highly viable plan. You may choose a large but achievable goal, then you set it into some small goals. After splitting a large, reasonable and feasible goal into several small tasks, each task will become easier to implement for you. When you finish a small task, dont forget to give yourself a small reward. It can build a reward system to help you work continuously. Reference List: Steel, Piers (2007). The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure. Psychological Bulletin. 133 (1): 65â€Å"94. Pychyl, T. (20 February 2012). The real reasons you procrastinate † and how to stop. The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 February 2012. mindtools.com,. How to Stop Procrastinating [online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newHTE_96.htm

The Effects of Blues Music on Civil Rights - 2432 Words

Blues Music | Influences on Civil Rights in the United States | Addy Phillips | Eddie James â€Å"Son† House, Jr., an American blues singer and guitarist once stated, People keep asking me where the blues started and all I can say is that when I was a boy we always was singing in the fields. Not real singing, you know, just hollerin, but we made up our songs about things that was happening to us at the time, and I think thats where the blues started (Cohn, 1993).† House, living through the development of the blues and the Civil Rights Movement, had a definite grasp on the subject at hand. Having changed his lifestyle from the church to blues, he faced many hardships including a deadbeat father, alcoholism, affairs, and prison†¦show more content†¦No black person can escape the blues, because the blues are an inherent part of the black existence in America. To be black is to be blue. The blues tell us about black people’s attempt to carve out a significant existence in a very trying situation. The purpose of the blues is to give structure to black existence in a context where color means rejection and humiliation. Suffering and its relation to blackness is inseparable from the meaning of the blues. Without pain and suffering, and what that meant for black people in Mississippi, Tennessee, and Arkansas, there would have been no blues. The blue mood means sorrow, frustration, despair, and black people’s attempt to take these existential realities upon themselves and not lose their sanity. The blues are not art for art’s sake, music for music’s sake. They are a way of life, a life-style of the black community; and the will for survival. Thus to seek to understand the blues apart from the suffering that created them is to misinterpret them and distort the very creativity that defines them (Cone, 1980). Though the blues were developed in the rural southern United States, toward the end of the 19th century, and found a wider audience in the 1940s as blacks migrated to urban areas. Jazz music has dozens of variations and also utilizes elements from other genres. Albeit the fact that it isShow MoreRelatedHistory of the Blues Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pages In one way shape or form Blues music has influenced almost every music artist and their work. Jazz and Blues gave way to such artists as Elvis Presley and Chuck Barry. The history and origins of Blues traces back many generations. Many articles have been written over the years helping readers better understand the history and importance of Blues music. All the articles have a similar attitude toward The Blues. Each article makes Blues Musics social and musical importance and impact blaringlyRead MoreHistory Of Rock Roll Isn t Close On Being A Perfect Story982 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning is distasteful and gloomy. 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Process Safety Management Process in Oiland Gas Industry free essay sample

Since the inception of oil and gas industry, it has recorded series of process related incidents which have led to the development of various process management principles and system aimed at controlling the risks involved in oil and gas operations. However, lessons learnt from the series of incidents are continually shaping the direction and focus of process safety management in oil and gas operations over the years. Despite the various process safety management principles and system in place, process related accidents are still occurring in oil and gas operations. There is a need to make some connections with the past, identify the weak links of the present and develop better solution for the challenges ahead. This paper critically reviews the past, present and future directions of process safety management (PSM) in oil and gas operations. 2. 0 Concept of Process Safety Management The basic concept of process safety management is effectively managing people, technology and equipment that make up the process ensuring that the hazards involved in the process is contained. We will write a custom essay sample on Process Safety Management Process in Oiland Gas Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This involves a system that identifies and understands hazards involved in the process; establish necessary controls, designs and training necessary to mitigate or eliminate the hazards involved and ensure that the process is continually improved upon to achieve its purpose in a safe manner. A good process safety management emphasizes effective management system, effective risk control measures and safe operations of critical equipment and plant (FOWLER 2009). 3. 0 An effective Process safety Management Framework Process design selecting technology, process nd location Hazard identification, Hazop, risk assessment and inherent safe design Detailed Design Risk Reduction Measures * prevention * Control * Mitigation Layers of protection a. Passive Residual risk b. Veritas 2008). ). Piper alpha would be used as a case study to demonstrate the weakness in process safety management of that period (20th century) that led to implementation of various process safety related regulations and standards and redirection of process safety management in oil and gas operations. CASE 1- Piper Alpha accident, UK Offshore. This accident occurred on 6th July 1988 which resulted to the death of 165 workers and two rescuers. This accident resulted from a gas leak that occurred after the restart of a pump that was closed down for maintenance. The pump was erroneously started as resulted of poor communication at shift changeover. Fundamentally, the safety of piper alpha was compromised the day it was put into use for a different service it wasn’t design for. Furthermore, a proper hazard analysis wasn’t carried out However; there was also inoperative evacuation plan and control system. Lessons drawn were: * The need for a formalised and effective system of safety management * Formalised safety assessments for identifying and evaluating major hazards * An effective Emergency response and safe evacuation plan. * The need for proper management of change The piper alpha and other major accidents led to need for a performance oriented process safety management which involves a systematic management of risk through a process of continuous improvement, involvement of workers in process safety, systematic hazard analysis, documentation of process design basis and safe operating limits, maintenance, inspection, testing, training, improved communication on risk (Trombettas 2006). The series of accidents also drew great attention from the public and government which led to formulation of various rules, legislation, standards and directives. Europe enacted the seveso directives in response to seveso accidents (COMAH in the UK), U. S. A OSHA established a formal rule for Process Safety Management and EPA risk Management plan regulations, the offshore case regulation was the response in UK for piper alpha (Harstad and Veritas 2008). Though both regulation in the U. S. A and Europe had common approach, the U. S. A was a mixture of performance based and prescriptive regulations and emphasized more on process safety management systems whereas Europe was performance based regulations and led greater emphasis of risk assessment. The recognizance of the seriousness of consequences and mechanisms of causation and emergence of the various regulations led to shift of the focus of operators in oil and gas operations towards a more systematic way of managing their process safely (CREEDY 2004). PRESENT DIRECTION OF PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS. The early part of the 21st century still witnessed process related incident in oil and gas operations despite the rules and regulations in placed. Series of process related incidents occurred even after the advent of legislations and standard at curbing process safety management related accidents (CREEDY 2004). The accidents that happened created a need for the realization of the significance of socio cultural thoughts and behaviour of human thought processes and behaviour both at individual level and organisation level. The present direction of process safety management is directed towards recognizing the significance of human and organizational factors in managing a process safely. We would look at some recent accidents in order to pinpoint the flaws in present time process safety management system in oil and gas operations. Case 1- BP Texas city Refinery (US lesson) This was an accident that took place on March 25th in 2005. A series of explosion was caused by start up of isomerisation unit which led to overfilling of the column due to instrument defectiveness and some operations experience gap which eventually led to release of hydrocarbons resulting in a vapour cloud explosion. 15 fatalities and 180 injuries were recorded in the explosion. There had been warnings sign but cost reduction pressure, downsizing in crew, reduction in training, and as direct causes miscommunication, lack of supervision, operator fatigue, aged equipment, failed and insufficient instrumentation lead to an almost predestined disaster. The Baker Panel report by Baker et al. (2007) on BP safety culture revealed: * poor safety leadership * Inadequate process safety considerations * poor safety culture * ineffective system for creating safety awareness , knowledge and competence relating to its refineries in U. S U. S Chemical safety and Hazard Investigation Board (2005) identified the following key issues: safety culture, regulatory oversight, Process Safety metrics and Human factors. The findings gathered from the accident stresses the poor implementation of OSHA’s PSM. Case 2- Explosion of a natural gas condensate tank Warffum, Netherlands. (Europe lesson) The explosion occurred on the 31st of May 2005. The Dutch petroleum company (NAM) contracted renovation works to a contractor named GTI. The direct result of the explosion was caused by welding work on a condensate tank that was not cleaned up properly. This resulted to deaths of two of the contractor’s workers and injured contractor worker(Knegtering and Pasman 2008). The independent Dutch Safety Investigation Board findings noted that NAM directed GTI to draft the work permit by themselves which one of the employee did with the assumption that tank was filled with water and qualified it low risk (Knegtering and Pasman 2008). Upon approval, NAM discloses the actual content but didn’t change the risk level to a high one. The following conclusions were drawn: * Structural short coming s of the process safety management system * Insufficient and unclear procedure Insufficient supervisions and checks * Time and cost pressure existed * Insufficient knowledge about process safety. Case 3- Explosions and fires at the Buncefield oil storage and transfer depot The explosion occurred on 11 December 2005. There was overfilling of oil in an oil tank storage due to the failure of the protection system which resulted to a vapour cl oud that ignited the explosion. Major contributing factors amongst others were: * Poor risk assessment of a possibility of The formation of a huge vapor cloud as a result of overfilling of a tank * Poor design and operation of storage (poor design of tank and fire fighting system These series of incidents were all characterised by management quality, organizational and human factors. Indeed, it could be observed that poor management, incompetency of staffs, focus on core business production, faulty system and lip service to safety were presence in most of the oil and gas companies into oil and gas operations which contributed to the persist occurrence of process safety related incidents. The oil and gas operators failed to see process safety management as a way of doing business rather a way of complying with regulation. This indicates lack of commitment and poor learning culture by oil and gas operators, forgetting the lessons learnt from past mistake. Due to the series of present incidents, OSHA’s process safety management standards are being modified to emphasize on human factors, Safety culture, effective safety leadership and effective inspection program on their part as regulator. (William and Tew (2010) identified the human factors that are missing in the OSHA’s process safety management standard which if corrected could lead to businesses focuses on human factors that are responsible for most of the accidents that have occurred. The EU seveso II directive is also going through some changes which is directed at a effective regulatory oversight and recognising human factors in process safety management in accident. Though EU adopted a risk based approach, There is recognition that the technical measures determined in risk assessment need greater verification for operational performance. Notably the seveso II is seen more of a compliance focused activity rather than an improvement process. seveso submissions are dominated by event consequence rather than event frequency and as a result tends to over look the asset integrity issue (Bennett 2006) . In the UK, COMAH is presently reviewing its regulations to consider the role of safety leadership from companies’ executives, effective safety culture, human factors and process safety performance indicators in enhancing future process safety management in oil and gas operations. UK sector of North Sea have recorded success since the implementation of offshore safety case regime and related legislation following the Piper Alpha accident. The safety case regime and legislation uses a risk assessment approach to identify safety critical lements, developing performance standards for these and written out scheme of inspection and maintenance that ensure equipments operate at the performance standard through operational lifetime (Harstad and Veritas 2008). UK had implemented one of the CCPS metrics for process safety, a count of leaks of process fluids which has help to control leaks of hydrocarbon in operations over the years. Based on these, it seems technical approaches directly addressing risks when combined with process safety management enhances process safety referring to the approach of offshore safety case.

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